| 1. Diagnosis | | | | used to create better images. C.T. scanning |
| Diagnosis is a strength of Western scientific medicine | | | | (Computed Tomography) takes x-rays from different |
| because of its dependence on analytical procedures | | | | angles and uses the computer to create cross |
| and processes of elimination. Modern technology has | | | | sections or three-dimensional images. |
| given us many ways to see into the body for | | | | M.R.I. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) places the patient |
| effective diagnosis of dis-ease. Nowhere is scientific | | | | in a strong magnetic field that passes waves through |
| Western medicine so advanced than in the fields of | | | | the body. The computer creates an image by |
| diagnosis. Although the philosophy of Western | | | | analysing changes in the magnetic alignment of the |
| medicine often comes in for criticism, modern science | | | | hydrogen protons in our cells. P.E.T. scanning (Positron |
| has produced many ways in which we can examine | | | | Emission Tomography) introduces short-lived radio |
| and image organisms internally and take samples of | | | | isotopes into body tissues that are then flooded with |
| tissue in hard to reach places. | | | | gamma rays, recorded and then analysed by |
| A qualified doctor should always be the first point of | | | | computer to produce images.cytology and histology: |
| contact for serious disease as they have a good | | | | Cytology is concerned with the examination of |
| chance of getting you a correct diagnosis. | | | | individual cells. The main application in cancer is in the |
| Self-diagnosis is not a good idea except for very | | | | detection of abnormal cells. Histology or |
| minor ailments. If you can, always get a second opinion | | | | hystopathology looks at groups of cells.laboratory |
| on any diagnosis. In the UK you are urged to start | | | | studies: Scientific methodology gives us many ways to |
| orthodox cancer treatments within a month of | | | | analyse and examine bodily extracts. |
| diagnosis. | | | | 2. Prognosis |
| Diagnosis for cancer uses careful clinical assessment | | | | What follows initial diagnosis means identifying |
| and advanced investigative techniques such | | | | appropriate treatments, forecasting the probable |
| as:endoscopy: an endoscope is a tube-like viewing | | | | course and outcome of the disease (prognostication) |
| instrument with lenses and lights or video cameras that | | | | and standardising the design of research and |
| is inserted into a body orifice for investigating and | | | | treatment protocols. You may be given the option to |
| treating disorders. If gives doctors the ability to see | | | | take part in a clinical study to help assess the |
| inside the body and even remove small pieces of | | | | effectiveness of a new treatment. Some health |
| tissue for examination (biopsy).imaging: This process | | | | centres and surgeries are offered payoffs for enrolling |
| allows doctors to produce images of structures within | | | | patients in clinical trials which are often ongoing 'action |
| the body that are otherwise difficult to see. For | | | | research'. |
| example short-wave, electromagnetic waves such as | | | | 3. Treatment |
| X-rays are passed through the body. Some are | | | | There are four main types of treatment in conventional |
| absorbed and others pass through the tissues to | | | | cancer treatment:surgery:this offers the best chance |
| produce a shadow image that is projected onto a film | | | | when the cancer is contained to a single area and has |
| or screen. In x-ray images the bones show up clearly, | | | | a low tendency to spreadradiotherapy:invented over |
| making it an excellent tool for seeing problems | | | | 100 years ago, this treatment bombards specific areas |
| associated with bones or hard objects within the body. | | | | of the body with gamma rays.chemotherapy:uses |
| In the 1920's radiologists discovered that certain | | | | chemical cocktails that suppress the growth cycles of |
| substances are opaque to radiation and they began to | | | | all cells in the body.biological therapy: |
| use them as 'contrast media'. When these media are | | | | This treatment uses B.R.M.'s (Biological Response |
| introduced into the body they create an outline shape | | | | Modifiers) such as Interferon or Interleukin-2 to modify |
| of the cavities they fill, which helps to identify problem | | | | biological systems. |
| areas. | | | | Taking these treatments is no guarantee that the |
| Ultrasound scanning projects high-frequency sound | | | | cancer will not return. They do not involve looking for |
| waves through the body, using a transducer against | | | | or eliminating any causes. To this extent orthodox |
| the skin. The waves are reflected back and the | | | | Western medical approaches to cancer are only |
| pattern of echoes produces an image. Computers are | | | | palliative. |